Sustainable Township Development In Malaysia Environmental Sciences Essay

sustainable t featureship phylogenesis In Malaysia outwitingsal Sciences Essay fit in to Paul-Marie Boulanger, the c at maven timept of sustainable victimization was origin everyy same as the sustainability. Both of these substructure were derived from an older forestry termination sustained yield, which was a translation of German term nachhaltigerErtag since 1713. From various sources, it was shown that the concept of sustainability in the sense of a balance between the consumption and re work of resources was already been applied in the twelfth to 16th century.Adans, W.N. (2006) said that, the history of the concept of sustainability is much older than what was expected. Since during 400 BCE, Aristotle was referred to a similar classical concept in talking virtually household economics. The prototypical use of the term sustainable in the modern sense was by the Club of Rom in March 1972 in making the bailiwick of Limits to Growth, which was written by a group of scie ntists led by Dennis and Donella Meadows of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Ar Dr tangent Loke Mun once said that, greenhouse gasses and ozone depletion became household words following the Earth Summit in Rio, 1992 and since then, commonalty building ratings began to be developed all around the world. UK had developed BREEAM as their rating tool regular army had developed LEED as their rating tool whereas for Malaysia, GBI was developed as Green rating tool in Malaysia. He also said that, the GBI Malaysia was introduced on 3rd January 2009 at the Green Design Forum which was held at Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre.As stated by Jackson, T. Michaelis, L. (2003), the concept of sustainability mickle be linked to human phylogenesis which was originated in the 1970s with books such as Goldsmiths blueprint for Surviva (1972) and the Club of Romes Limits to Growth (1972). In the same year, 1972, the joined Nations Conference on the Human Environment, in Stockholm put the s potlight on the reconciliation of milieu and economic development.From what was told by Ar Dr Tan Loke Mun, after the realization that buildings and the built development contributes signifi brush offtly to the greenhouse gas emissions, all the buildings and development wishinged to be re- intentional to minimize the negative usurpation which depart be imposed to the environment. By using GBI rating tools as reference, the final built product imparting behave better in its location while minimizing the negative impacts fall by the waysided to the meets during development.1.2 Problem Statement correspond to Punitha Silivarajoo (2009), at that nonplus be many negative impacts which arise from the current development skill. For instance, loss of income from polluted resources such as rivers and beaches, loss of ecosystem services, and the or so serious factor is that, it contributing into the grows of mood substitute and global warming. Climate change rear rarity caus e some(prenominal) chain reactions such as flash flood which happens commonly in Kuala Lumpur ara.From what was told by our Prime Minister of Malaysia, Dato Sri Mohd Najib (2011), the worst scenarios of humour disasters due to the global effects of carbon copy emissions and climate change should not be suckn lightly. The building and construction sector which accounts closely 40% of the worlds postcode consumption in the end contributing to the climate change and global warming due to the increasing assimilation of greenhouse gases which ca utilise by the current development. He also said that, the Green Building Index townspeople shaft of light was introduced and implemented to set out a vision for sustainability at bottom the built environment which provides commission to assist the State and local anesthetic Authorities, developers, builders and professionals to deliver more than environment-friendly and sustainable townspeoples and communities.Therefore, this resear ch was carried out to identify why the sustainable townsfolk development is existence used in Malaysia nowadays as considerably as the impact of emission of carbonic acid gas.1.3 AimTo study why sustainable town development is world used in Malaysia.1.4 ObjectivesTo identify the reasons why implement sustainable town development in Malaysia.To identify what imparting happen in future if current development continues without implementing sustainable township.To identify what be the criteria need to be taken c atomic number 18 during implementation of sustainable township development.1.5 HypothesisThe sustainable township development is being implemented because it gives many advantages over its disadvantages as compared to the non-sustainable township development. The negative impacts from non-sustainable township development are eventually causing many problems to the environment.1.6 Research Methodologiesharmonize to Kumar (2005), placing of literature review is one of t he essential preliminary tasks when you have in mind to undertake a research study is to go through the literature in order to put in yourself with the knowledge in the field you interesting in. He also said that literature review move help to make a valuable contribution to almost e real operational step in the research.As what were said by Richard Fellows Anite Liu (2008), there are two major types of data collection unproblematic data and secondary data. Primary data are sources which can be gained by the researcher as close as possible to what was happened during the event or time whereas secondary data are sources which can be gathered through interpretation or analysing of data and is usually based on essential data.From what was told by Dawson, Catherine (2002) in the Practical Research Methods, primary data is data that being collected for the first time secondary date is data which have been already collected and analysed by someone else. annotation is one of the com mon methods which are being used as primary data collection.In this research, questionn communicatee forget be set and distributed to the person who involves themselves in the construction industry such as contractor, quantity surveyor and architect. lawsuit of the question that lead be asked to them is about their thinking of current township development in Malaysia whether it is sustainable or not. About 30 to 50 copies of questionnaire leave alone be distributed to the respondents.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 What is Sustainable townsfolk?In regards with GBI (2012), Sustainable Township was outlined as liveable places which digest the some(prenominal)(a) need of the society, both now and in the future. These places are providing a high quality of deportment for the people who lives, croak and play there by being well planned and knowing, safe and secure, and enhances the surrounding environment. It also mentioned that the basis on the concept of sustainable develop ment is the balanced approached to addressing the environmental, social and economic issues.Sustainable Townships are co-ordinated planned habitats which focus on the interior of the buildings, architectural design of the buildings, as well as the aliment environment by emphasize on maximizing energy and resource savings, the use and recycling of innate(p) resources, and also promoting the public health and general welfare of urban population and reducing the negative impacts that surround the environment. another(prenominal) than that, Sustainable Townships are also well landscaped and providing the basic needs or comforts for human being, for example, parks and playgrounds which can be used to improve the interaction and integration among the local communities. In response with the 10th Malaysia Plan, several steps are being taken by the Ministry of Housing and Local Government to ensure the needs of current and future communities by stimulating the rapid growth of urbanisatio n which is expected to increase from 67% in 2010 to 75% by 2020.Green Building Index (GBI) and GBI Township marionette were introduced as advisable Malaysia rating system in promoting the Green Technology as a unused driver for the economic growth of the country by offering tremendous opportunities and potentials in the economic regeneration, innovation and wealth creation. Pertubuhan Arkitek Malaysia (PAM) and the Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia (ACEM)s initiatives in introducing the GBI Township Tool (version II) are being appreciated very much as the green transformation can be taken into the next aim, as well as in line with the Governments New Economic Model, which is to become a high-income nation that is both comprehensive and sustainable by the year of 2020.According to TimothyBeatley, the word sustainability was derived from the Latin word sustinere which means to hold. Various dictionaries had defined various meaning of sustainability, but the briny one to be referred here having the meaning of maintain, support or endure. For the word township, is defined as a city. Thus, by combining these information, sustainable township development can be explained as a development of city which can maintain or support daylong with better quality than the separate township development.From Brundland Report (1987), sustainable township development was defined as an development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. From the report, there are two disclose out concepts contained within it the concept of needs, which means to which overriding priority should be given and second the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environments ability to meet the needs of both present and future.2.2 Why Implement Sustainable Townships DevelopmentOn September, 2011, our Prime Minister, Dato Sri Mohd Najib had announce plans for a Low Carbon Cities Framework and Assessment System to bring Malaysia into a low carbon economy and he made a promise that the carbon dioxide emissions will be depressd by 40% by 2020 compared to 2005. It is his aspiration to develop both Putrajaya and Cyberjaya as shining examples of eco-friendly townships and replicating it in other towns and cities crosswise Malaysia. In other words, Putrajaya and Cyberjaya will be the first two Sustainable Township in Malaysia.According to Warren Kerlenzig, 2009, some of our biggest challenges in cutting carbon to smother global climate change will be in understanding the system dynamics that the cities and other corporation or neighborhoods comprise. Therefore, GBI Township Tool was set out for Sustainable Township Development for sustainability within the built environment and to provide counselor-at-law that is able to deliver the Sustainable Townships in the Malaysia Context.A scientist in the 19th century, Svantte Arrhenius, said that gases i n the automated teller cause a greenhouse effect which affects the planets temperature. He had calculated that the carbon emissions from human industry major power someday contribute to global warming, which is happening nowadays. At that time, the other scientists dismissed his thought as faulty. Since 1938, the level of carbon dioxide was increasing and raising global temperature. Then only the argument was found implausible. Researchers found that gases, specially carbon dioxide, which mostly being produced from construction industry, play a crucial role in the climate change and the rising level would gravely affect our future.Tony Cooper, 2007, said that there are different scenarios which cause the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and all of these eventually contributed to global warming. He also said that, the global warming is caused by the emission of greenhouse gases, and 72% of the total emitted greenhouse gas is CO2. CO2 is created when fossil fuels such as oil, sur passsel and natural gas are being burned. The CO2 emitted have been dramatically increasing within these last 50 years and it is still increasing.The CO2 is being taken as serious factors in contributing to global warming because it can remain in the atmosphere for at least 80 years and can be up to 200 years. According to the recent investigation, if the global temperatures keep on increasing by more than 2 C, an unimaginable catastrophic which will change in the environment is expected to take place. From the information above, it can be concluded the CO2 which released from current development will contribute to the greenhouse effect which eventually become global warming, which is one of the hot topic being discussed all around the world. Therefore, to overcome the problem of global warming, the emission of greenhouse effect must be descendd, and to reduce the effect of greenhouse, the most effective way is by minimizing the CO2 emission especially in the construction industry. EmitsContributes toCurrent DevelopmentCO2Greenhouse EffectGlobal warmingCausesFigure controvert impacts of current Township Development2.2.1 Impacts of Global WarmingGlobal warming happens due to increase in air temperature. There are several chain effects which will occur due to global warming.2.2.1.1 melt of Polar Ice CapsThe deadliest effect of global warming is raise of sea level. When the sea level is raised, the diametrical ice caps will definitely be melted by the water. Ice caps are white in colour and thus it helps in reflect the cheerfulness, which helps in cooling our earth. If the ice caps are melted, the only sunlight is the ocean, thus the temperature all around the world will be increased. Since ice caps are fresh water, if they are melted, desalinization of sea water will occur. The sea water will become less salty, and it will cause species that live in the sea to face the problem of extinction.2.2.1.2 Increased the luck and intensity of droughts and combust w avesAs global warming happens, some areas of the earth will become wetter, but some other areas will suffer the problems of droughts and heat waves, such as Africa. Now, the water is already a scarce goodness in Africa, the global warming will worsen the condition.2.2.1.3 Changes in Seasons and Seasonal CharactersDifferent areas have their own seasons and seasonal character. However, global warming will results in changes of these seasons and seasonal character. Most of the areas will no continuing have the summer or winter seasons. Due to change in air temperature and rainfall patterns, the seasons will also be preponed or postponed.2.2.1.4 Spreading of DiseasesDue to change in environment, many species may not be able to suit themselves in the newly changed environment and facing dead. Thus, many of these species will die and their corpses which are not taken care will cause new diseases to occur and spreading all around the world unpredictably. Some of these diseases may even c ause death. Poor areas with poor medical facilities will definitely suffering much more than the others.2.2.2 Merits of Implementing Sustainable Township DevelopmentImplementation of sustainable township development not only helps in reducing the carbon emission but also good-looking some others benefits. For instance, sustainable township development uses sustainable design which helps in maximizing the energy force by using sustainable energy such as solar energy. This not only helps the residents to reduce their cost for electricity usage but also helps in reducing the emission of CO2 because CO2 is emitted from the usage of electricity. Other than energy efficiency, water efficiency can also be done.Next, sustainable township development helps in reducing the pollutions. Most of the non-sustainable township development will cause pollutions in term of air, water as well as sound pollution. In sustainable township development, all the industrial area will be placed on the edges of the township and is some distance to the residential area. This can help in reducing sound pollution caused by industrial area to the residential area. Other than sound pollution, air pollution problem can also be solved. Some more, unlike the non-sustainable township development, in this sustainable township development, the pollution will be controlled by introducing a clearer and practice of office sedimentation. This means that the water pollution can be prevented as well.Besides, more green spaces such as public park, playground, community run herb garden, and also recreational lakes will be provided in a sustainable township. This can actually create a healthy and lively community. It was said that greenery helps to release our stress especially when tiring after working for a whole day. Presence of lakes enables the community to glide by their time over there with their beloved family during the weekend or holidays. The water quality of the lakes will be maintained at h igh quality all the time.One of the main merits of a sustainable township is the sustainable sustaination network. The rapture network provided is well connected to all places within the township. It is an ease for the residential to go everywhere they want as long as in the township. In other non-sustainable township, the problems of all time faced by the residents are the transportation problems. The public transport such as buses and taxi are hardly available during certain period of time or at some areas. In sustainable township, the residents no longer have to worry about the problem of transportation as public transport such as buses and taxi is available everywhere from time to time. The road will also be designed in the best way to minimize or even avoid the traffic grind away problem, which is also another problem that faced by everyone in the non-sustainable township, especially during the peak hour.When a new sustainable township is being developed, there will be many companies going to venture. Thus, the rate of mesh will be increased. In addition, the residents in the township able to find a job which near their houses. Since the working place is just near to their houses, most of them will either walk or take public transport such as buses instead of driving, which will help in reduce the probability of traffic squash.2.2.3 Incentives Given by GovernmentIn publicity of sustainable township development, two main incentives are given by out Malaysia Government. Firstly, is the tax exemption for green building user? According to GBI, 2011, any person who incurs qualifying intake (QE) to obtain GBI certification for a building used for his barter qualifies for tax exemption. This tax incentive provides exemption on the statutory income which is equivalent to 100% of that expenditure. The qualifying expenditure is also known as the Green Building Cost Sum, which means an additional expenditure incurred in relation to construction of a building, alteration, renovation, extension or improvement of an existing building. The exemption can be up to 100% of statutory income for each year of assessment. According to the guidelines issued by Lembaga Hasil Dalam Negeri Malaysia (LHDNM), any unutilised QE can be carried forward to subsequent years of assessment until the amount is full exempted and this tax exemption only applies once for each building certified from 24 October 2009 until 31 December 2014.The second incentive given by the Malaysia Government is moulding duty exemption. According to GBI, 2011, the stamp duty exemption provides exemption on instruments of impartation of ownership of buildings and residential properties acquired from property developers and awarded GBI certificate. The exemption is on the additional cost of the property incurred to obtain the GBI certificate. According to LHDNM, the exemption is only given for the first transfer of ownership of the building and for sales and purchase agreements pu nish from 24 October 2009 until 31 December 2014 and once certified, the applicants can claim for the tax exemption or stamp duty exemption in their annual Income Tax return Forms.2.3 GBI Township ToolTo identify whether a township development is sustainable or not, GBI township tool will be used. The varies Green paygrade tools such as GBI Townships Tools are being used to assist the architects, designers, builders, planners, developer as well as the end users to exposed themselves to the impact of each and every of the design choices well in moving towards to be more environmentally-friendly. The developer can take this GBI township tool as a reference before the commencement of development.6 key criteria in GBI Township ToolClimate, Energy piddle (CEW) ecology Environment (EEC)Community mean Design (CPD)Transportation Connectivity (TRC)Building Resources (BDR)Business Innovation (BSI)Figure 6 key criteria in GBI Township Tool2.4 GBI Assessment Criteria for Sustainable T ownships Development in Malaysia2.4.1 Climate, Energy Water (CEW)To minimise the impact on the environment by practicing energy efficiency, water efficiency and sustainable development. These can be achieved by minimising the impact of heat island effect, minimising the energy consumption, and also utilising the renewable energy technology such as micro-generation. Other than that, the on-going production and consumption of energy and water will be balanced. In order to achieve the aim of zero point net carbon emissions, the passive design principles are maximised, as well as adopting the onsite energy generation. Water efficiency can be achieved through the reduction of main water consumption, rainwater harvesting and colourize water recycling. Grey water is water comes from the laundry machines, dish-washes, bathtubs, and sinks. It does not include any human bollocks up or sewerage.This banner holds a maximum of 20 points for the allocation of points in the Township Tool. The following are the key issues and assessment criteriaHeat Island Design Principles 4 ascribeEfficient Streetscape Greenspace Lighting 2 assignOn Site Green Generation 2 assignRenewable Energy 4 assignReduced Water Use 4 attributeReduction in Water Waste 4 attribute2.4.2 Environmental Ecology (EEC)The impact on the environment can be minimised by adopting several practices as well as preserving the site ecology and biodiversity. Respect and do not destroy the surrounding environment and the native ecological systems. Always be sensitive to the needs of the local ecology and biodiversity. lay aside and enhance the ecological value of the environment. This can helps in stabilising the land which will also reduce the impact during flooding.This criterion holds a maximum of 15 points for the allocation of points in the Township Tool. The following are the key issues and assessment criteriaBiodiversity saving 2 creditsLand Reuse 1 creditEcology 3 creditsFlood Management and Avoi dance 1 creditWetland and Water Body Conservation 1 creditAgricultural Land Preserve 1 creditHill Slope Development 1 creditSustainable Stormwater Design Management 2 creditsProximity to Existing infrastructure 1 creditServices Infrastructure Provision 1 creditLight Pollution 1 credit2.4.3 Community Planning Design (CPD)To minimise the impacts on the environment and also to promote community connectivity and participation, the site should be chosen wisely and the space should be planned accordingly. The township is planned and designed for the benefits of the community who live, work or play there. It will be created using an integrated way to obtain the planning and the best design which emphasising on the peoples priority and also greenery. These can help in creating a strong sense of place for communities which will then results in a more livable and diverse neighbourhoods.This criterion holds a maximum of 26 points for the allocation of points in the Township Tool. The follo wing are the key issues and assessment criteriaGreenspaces 3 creditsCompact Development 1 creditAmenities for Communities 3 creditsProvision for Universal Accessibility 3 creditsSecure Design 2 creditswellness in Design 2 creditsRecycling Facilities 2 creditsCommunity Diversity 1 creditsAffordable Housing 1 creditsCommunity Thrust 4 credits organization 4 credits2.4.4 Transportation and Connectivity (TRC)To reduce the impacts caused by transportation, affordable and sustainable transportation network will be provided within the development and linkages outside the development. The township will be a well-connected place with the services of varies transportation options to ease the community. It will provide an excellent accessibility, connectivity and are well linked to most of the districts.This criterion holds a maximum of 14 points for the allocation of points in the Township Tool. The following are the key issues and assessment criteriaGreen Transport Masterplan 8 creditsAvaila bility and Frequency of Public Transport 1 creditFacilities for Public Transportation 1 creditPedestrian Networks 1 creditCycling Networks 2 creditsAlternative Transport Options 1 credit2.4.5 Building ResourcesPractice of sustainable construction to reduce the impacts due to consumption of primary resources. To lower the impact on resources, the more from less principle is applied. The need will be emphasized to maximise the use of highly resource-intensive materials through using a life cycle approach. The local materials and resources will be made good use for the construction of new communities.This criterion holds a maximum of 15 points for the allocation of points in the Township Tool. The following are the key issues and assessment criteriaLow Impact Material (Infrastructure) 1 creditLow Impact Material (Buildings or Structures) 1 creditRegional Material 1 creditQuality in Construction 2 creditsConstruction Waste Management 1 creditSite Sedimentation and Pollution Control 1 c reditSustainable Construction Practice 2 creditGBI Certified Building 6 credits2.4.6 Business InnovationTo meet the basic needs and requirements of communities by increase the employment through applying several innovative ways. More employment opportunities will be provided especially for the residents who live in the township so that they can work closer to their homes and places for business to be shaped and prosper.This criterion holds a maximum of 10 points for the allocation of points in the Township Tool. The following are the key issues and assessment criteriaBusiness 3 creditsInnovation 6 creditsGBI Facilitator 1 credit2.5 Sustainability of Township DevelopmentMany people is concerning about whether is our current township development sustainable? Was our past township development sustainable? From the information I get, most of the past township development is not sustainable. So far, only some township development can be considered as sustainable after the launching of G BI Township Rating Tool on 29 March 2011. The most commonly to be known for sustainable townships are Putrajaya and Cyberjaya. Our past township development is to be said as not sustainable because the township development does not process the criteria in the GBI Township Rating Tool. For instance, sustainable transportation is one of the criteria in GBI Township Rating Tool which should be fulfilled. Public transport should be easily available for the residents of the township. The road should also be designed to minimize the occurrence of traffic jam. However, most of the residents in the past townships are facing the same biggest problem, which is the transportation problem. They are unsatisfied with the provision of public transport such as buses. In addition, traffic jam occurs in most of the township.A sustainable township is also means a township or city which is free of pollution. However, air pollution and sound pollution are another problems that faced by the residents of the past township. The industrial area is located just some miles away to the residential area. This is also one of the factors which cause the traffic jam. Maximizing the energy efficiency by using sustainable equipment or sustainable energy such as solar energy is also another characteristic of sustainable township development. In the past township development, the maximization of energy efficiency is not achieved. Many of the residents still fully use electricity supplied by TNB.