Justify the methods and processes

Justify the methods and processesThis chapter covers the search methodology and mapping of this chapter is to reassert the methods and process which argon examined while the enquiry is carried step to the fore. It consists of process model, inquiry advent, investigate design, look method, entropy collection etc.Data Collection explore getResearch DesignLiterature ReviewResearch Questions readyingResearch UndertakingPrimary substitute(prenominal)InductiveDeductive informativeExploratoryDescriptiveSemi- incorporateOpen ended InterviewSemi Structured QuestionnairesData AnalysisResults/ConclusionSource Authorsqualitative ApproachThe presumption figure outlines the look methodology which is beingness carried out during the look for process. It files how authors give continue their research process. The research undertaking is related to internalization of CSR in devil leading MNC, s in telecom sector. It result focus on three elementary(prenominal) areas of resea rch named as describing CSR, integrating CSR and monitor CSR. Several research questions will be prepared on the primer coat of knowledge and experience and the basic aim of these questions is to snap the CSR activities in telecommunication sector. The literature review will be made by comparability various articles in the relevant field which will give a newly appreciation. The research is presenting a framework for developing, collecting and analyzing the selective information. Different research strategies such as exploratory, descriptive and explanatory are employ for research objective lenss and authors will go with descriptive research strategy which is connecting to inductive research approach from observations to theory. The data will collect on primary and vicarious basis by semi structured open ended question and questionnaires. The research design shows that the data will be analyzed and conclude through qualitative research approach.First, regarding the objec tivity of the thesis the authors believe that the results may first be subjected to the personal judgment and may non be legal over a long period of time because labor is constantly changed over the time. These results may likewise not be applicable to other market places or other geographic regions except the Pakistani markets. As the authors baffle no proper(postnominal) knowledge around Pakistani market so they decided to carry the exploratory research. The research described in this thesis has been designed and carried out in context of master aim education and rules, regulation, instruction and academic requirements set by the supervisor and the Karlstad University.The important objective of the research is to investigate the dimensions of the fusss which are being analyzed in the previous chapter and to draw the valuable results from the research and to help the authors to build up a favourable understanding and to have a deep insight into the previous reading.2. 1. Inductive and Deductive Research ApproachInductive research approach works to a greater extent specific to more general (Trochim, 2006). sometimes it c all in alled bottom up approach. In this token of theory, detectives begin with observation, detect some patterns, formulate some hypothesis and finally end with developing a theory. composition on the other hand, Deductive approach works in other way, it moves from broader generality to more specifications. Informally it is called top-down approach. In this approach the police detective jut with thinking up a theory about the content and area of interest or area of research. Then researchers sign up down it and develop a hypothesis about particular topic which they want to test. After that they do the examination on the hypothesis. Finally and finally this leads to the confirmation of data, every it confirms the original theory or not possiblenessHypothesis manakinObservationINDUCTIVEDEDUCTIVEObservationPatternHypothesi sTheorySource Authors2.2. Research approach usedIn this think authors will use inductive approach as we start with the observation related to problem which is being analyzed in problem discussion session. Authors will use CSR dimensions which are describing, integrating and monitoring. In general, this contain is not developing a model or any type of theory somewhat the theories are narrow down to tackle a specific problem.2.2.1. Unit of AnalysisIt is one of the most important ideas in the research project. Unit of analysis is a main entity that the researchers want to analyze in their field of force. It will be individual unit of analysis which will base on two leading organizations from telecommunication sectors of Pakistan and we will differentiate the results and editions amongst units.2.3. Research alignsIn order to solve a problem, different researcher use systematic and orderly collected data for the purpose of getting reading from them (Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2005). Yi n (1994) and Zikmund (2000) proposed three different purposes of research labeled as exploratory, descriptive and explanatory.Exploratory studies are fantastic mean to come upon out what is happening, to ask for new imminent and to ask questions. Robson (1993) mentioned that in order to clarification and understanding the problem, exploratory studies are valuable mean.Descriptive studies describe wrong the problem areas regarding to the literature and the purpose is to study the current accompaniments. It purpose is to find out the answers of what, who, how, when, where questions (Zikmund 2000). This theory usually correlates the previous knowledge and understanding the record of research problems.Explanatory studies recognize the relationship in the midst of the variables. The purpose of this study is to emphasis on the planets and problems in order to explain the relationship mingled with the interrelated variables.2.3.1 duodecimal ResearchAccording to Cresswell (1998), the quantitative research rump be defined as an inquiry into companionable and human problems found on testing a theory composed on the variable, measures with rime and analyzed with statistical procedures, in order to determine whether the predictive generality of the theory hold true.Above definition mentioned that this theory concern with the statistical data and the transformation of data into figures and graphs. The transformation of the data fire be achieved by using SPSS software to get the result of correlation between two factors/variables. This type of research makes large add of units into small get along of information.2.3.2 Qualitative ResearchAccording to Cresswell (1998), the qualitative research peck be defined as an inquiry process of understanding a social or human problem, ground on building a complex, holistic picture, formed with words, reporting detailed views of the informants and conducting in natural settingstatistical tools are not used in such ki nd of research. It is tricky to draw conclusions from qualitative research because of it is more demonstrating than generalizing. It is in contrast as a large amount of information is collected from small number of units. This type of research mostly addresses the question Why and describes the phenomena. This type of research empennagenot and should not be transformed in the forms of numeric. The advantage of this research is flexibility.2.3.3. remainder between Qualitative and Quantitative ResearchDifferenceQualitativeQuantitativeUnderpinning PhilosophyEmpiricism The only knowledge that human beings acquire is from receptive experiences (Bernard 1994 2)Rationalism That human beings achieve knowledge because of their capacity to reason (Bernard 19942)Approach to InquiryUnstructuredStructuredInvestigation ObjectiveTo define variation in an event, situation, issue, etc.To describe an extent of variation in an event situation, issue, etc.Variables MeasurementStressing on the descri ption of variablesStressing on some structures of either measurement or classification of variables.Sample SizeLimited Cases ferocity on great sample size.Focus of InquiryChecks multiple problems plainly accumulate necessary information from fewer respondents.Narrows focus in bearing of extent of inquiry, but accumulate necessary information from a greater number of respondents.Main Research ValueValidity but does not state to be value-free.Value free in terms of dependableness and objectivity.Main Research TopicInvestigate experiences, feelings, perceptions, expressions and meanings.Describes pervasiveness, occurrence, and extent nature of subjects, views and side finds out regularities and prepares theories.Data AnalysisSubjects answers, descriptions or study data to credit of themes and illustrates them.Subjects variables to frequency distributions, cross-tabulations or other statistical methods.CommunicationOrganization more descriptive and narrative in nature.Organization more systematic in nature, drawing deductions and conclusions, and testing degree and potency of a relationship.Source Ranjit K. (2005).2.4. Researched method usedThe research study will base on two companies from telecommunication sectors that operate in Pakistan. Authors have employed qualitative research in order to analyze the incorporation of CSR because qualitative research aims is to mess hall with questions which are related to the developing and understanding of the meaning and experience dimensions of serviceman lives and social worlds. Qualitative research has its roots in social knowledge and is concerned with the understanding and describing the world of human experiences such as their knowledge, attitudes, behaviors and beliefs, opinions, emotions etc (Mack, MacQueen, and lymph node Namey).2.5. Data CollectionThe most important and essential part of the study is data collection. Williman (2001) explained that primary data and the supplemental data are the main source of data collection. So it is very important for us even in the context of study to achieve its purpose, both and primary and secondary data have been used.2.5.1. Primary DataPrimary data is information which is gathered first time in order to solve and relieve the problem and to complete the study. In order to do primary research, the side by side(p) prominent techniques have been usedInterviewsQuestionnaireIntrospectionThe main objective of the primary data is that data collected is exclusively applicable to the particular study. While its main disadvantage is time consumption and less degree of control.2.5.1a. Qualitative InterviewsAuthors have been extensively used this approach in study. In qualitative interviews, discussion often made face to face. This type of interviews is unstructured which shows that interviewers dramatize the direction of interview takes. The interviewees are free to answer whatever he/she want to do. A positive result nookie be achieved by the proper training of the interviewers or on the experience and skills. Authors have make this job through email and telephonic interviews.2.5.1a (i) QuestionnaireIt is very effective when the researcher knows the requirement and procedures in order to measures the area of research. This process can be done either conducting by itself or doing it by electronically/post.2.5.2. Secondary DataSecondary data is a source of collecting data from literature review, articles, internet, papers and journals. Authors have used books, internet, research contribution, journals and have specific companies information.( Ghauri and Gronhaug 2005) explains the benefits of secondary data. It helps in following waysIt helps to answer the research questions.It helps in problem formulation.It helps in selecting the suitable research method.Secondary data can be classified into internal and external data. The data which is provides by play along is called internal data while the data which is gathered fro m literatures, articles, internet etc is cognize as external data. It is source outside the organization.2.6. Data collection Method usedIn this study, authors have employed qualitative research method. Authors have employed qualitative research in order to analyze the incorporation of CSR in leading telecommunication companies. Qualitative data is principally including all the feels of the research problem. External secondary data consisting of the books reviews of the library of university west and also related different articles on the cultural dimension. The other secondary data World Wide Web and Google was also used frequently. The secondary data was very helpful in order to formulate the questions. The internal secondary data is mainly consists of the websites of the organizations. The primary data consists of the interviews, telephonic information and electronic mail.2.7. Research CriteriaIn qualitative research, only a sample this is a subset of a population is chosen fo r any specified study and it unworkable to get the data from everyone in a community in order to accumulate valid findings. The studys research purposes and the characters of the study population such as age, size and diversity decide which and how many mint are being selected. In a nonprobability sampling, the researchers have more possibility of selecting some units to study than other units.The use of reliability and validity are common in quantitative research and but it can also be used in the qualitative research paradigm for assessing the findings. In quality analysis, it is surely interpreting the results as for analyzing the data because it requires constructing codes and categories from the raw data. This means that the understanding aspect of this stage of the research process vary from this stage of quantitative research project where it can be treated for separate analysis and reading.2.7.1. crediblenessIn a qualitative study, it is not likely that the results woul d be the equal in any case but the key points and findings should be fairly presented for the recognition of data. The questions force reflection on own interaction and act with the system which is being searched. The researchers try to make best efforts for convincing the readers that the interpretation or explanation of the results is credible. The Thick Description (Geertz 1973) which arises from the practice of ethnographic research in anthropology and integrates how it is felt for doing research as well as what researchers observed. The objective of thick description is to make able the readers feel that he or she is actually present in the research setting, and possibly even as if he or she is making the research. (Maylor Blackmon)We have made interviewed through emails and telephonic conversation in our own language and later on translated into English. The answers show the results which moderately interpret the data. We believe that it will give positive tinge on reader s.2.7.2. TransferabilityThe transferability of a working hypothesis to different situations depends upon other conditions between original situation and the situation to which it is transferred. The researchers are not able to destine the transferability of findings but they can provide only sufficient information that can be used by the readers to decide whether the findings are applicable to the new situation or not. In a qualitative research, it is considered in the generalization of findings that the results which have been investigated by the researchers have no relevance anywhere else. It is the readers quality what they perceive whether it is useful or not or some are not interested in replying of the results.We have found the results from the original situations. It will be decided by the readers what they think about the results or they are interested or not in replying whether they are applicable or not in the new situation. We believe that the results will provide a tru e picture of the prevailed situation.DependabilityDependability shows the reliability, correctness, integrity and describes the availability action of the findings. In a qualitative work, according to Lincoln and Guba (1985), since there can be no validity without reliability (and thus no credibleness without dependableness), a demonstration of the former is sufficient to establish the latter. It means dependability in the research process has a significant importance and it can vary over the time.The results show the reliability and correctness of our findings. Our findings are based on interviews and introspections. We have made best efforts make our results reliable and valid according to our research.2.7.4. ConformabilityAccording to Lincoln and Guba (1985), it is a degree to which the researchers can make an obvious neutrality of the research interpretations through a conformability audit. It is considered that each researcher will bring an exclusive perception to the study. The researchers can document the procedures for reappraisal and rechecking the data whether it is free from bias or not throughout the study. It mainly concerns that the research should not be influenced by personal and other people influences.Our research interprets the unbiased results. We have asked open questions and defined the answers accurately with good sense. Our research has not influenced any person or any organizations image. It gives a good impression about the research topic to the readers which will not be impacted by it.